What Are You Smoking?

 

A lead from the old Wolf Pine lays across the town forest floor

Warning: I'm about to throw a whole lot of thoughts into a 50 gallon drum and I'm thinkin I might light it on fire. Certain professions sometimes call what I'm about to do the "trash can method."(minus the match).

I was a lifeguard and Water Safety Instructor in the summer of 1981.  I miss those carefree days when at 17 years of age, I thought of myself as old enough to be an adult yet young enough to ignore most of the pressures of life. Interestingly enough, I had only just moved to VT from Colorado Springs that June with my senior year of high school still ahead of me.

 I spent my days biking to and from work, training lifeguards and blowing bubbles with the Fishers. I often walked with mom to the general store to read the bulletin board news and then on to the post office for the mail. On Thursdays I played softball, but all the other days I went for a bike ride after supper; and most importantly, Vicki, Ducky and I became friends swimming laps and hanging out on the sandy beach at the Saxtons River Rec.   

How ironic that my brother Charles declared that same summer of  81, "The Summer That Never Was."  I suspect my disconnect is what long timers refer to as the good old days. Days when the simplicity of youth are stored in our memories and those of hardship fade away.  Or could it be that thoughts of  what defined prosperity as a youth were based on something more meaningful than consumption? 

In 1980 Mt Saint Helens in Washington state passed gas. Those who study such things labeled her breach of etiquette, a "cataclysmic eruption." For my younger readers, it's probably easier to relate to the the Canadian wildfires that blew smoke down into Vernon creating a sun filtering haze or perhaps that few minutes during the eclipse that chilled the air and darkened the sky.  And so during that following summer, the one that wasn't, we purchased lifeguard sweats and kept our sleeping bags at hand to keep us warm after teaching lessons. 

Smoke from the Canadian wildfires settles in the hills of Vernon

 I've since discovered that Charles' clever label was already put into use on our east coast after the eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia. 

Let's stretch back a little farther shall we? Ahh the 70's Though I was little at the start, some things I remember well. In Burlington, when we weren't walking to and from school and friend's houses, Mom drove us around in her first car, a secondhand white Oldsmobile Cutlass. Dad for his part, drove a full sized green Dodge van with a custom built storage area in the far back that had a kid sized bed above it.  I remember him to be a chain smoker. Dad smoked cigarettes in the house in the car, at work, outdoors and pretty much everywhere else. Our smoke filled clothes must have stunk something awful; but nobody seemed to notice because practically everybody else had a smoker at home or at work.  There was one big hitch to his addiction however, my mom was a chronic asthmatic. 

Our family did a fair amount of camping back then complete with tent and campfires. On our black and white tv set, we had Woodsy Owl and an  Indian with a tear streaked face asking that we do our part to keep America beautiful. But more impactful to my mind than those icons, was my my dad telling us as we broke camp, that we should always leave a place better than when we found it. So it was, that us five kids dutifully policed the campsite for cigarette butts as our last act of enjoying the great outdoors. 

A burn ban due to drought in effect since October, has freed the neighborhood up from the constant autumn smoke

I hate to say this, but I fear I must stretch back even farther than the 70s but I promise we wont stay long.

 

In 1948 post World War 2, the Marshall Plan was signed and the US experienced a surge of industrial development and consumerism, beginning an economic period known as "the long summer of  prosperity"

In October of 1948, the industrial town Donora Pennsylvania was overwhelmed with smog, killing twenty people. Half of the town fell ill from air pollution and death rates were higher than normal in the following years.  1948 was indeed an economic golden age; but at great cost to human and environmental health- The Deadly Donora Smog This event provided a boost in urgency for the fields of public and environmental health. 

The 1950's Vernon had a population of 712 residents. The US had 5,382,162 farms covering 60% of US land. 30 to 39% of Vernon farms were Woodland Not Pastured as a percent of all land in farms.  I strongly encourage my readers to explore this 1950 graphic summary of farm resources I suspect that the economics of farming in Vernon has changed quite a bit as our population and land use also changed . What hasn't changed is my persistent childhood dream of  living on a mini farm. Ahh, but we really should resume our journey forward.  

A nest sits empty in a budding Magnolia  bush on November 15th in Vernon

1962 Silent Spring, arguably the most consequential book on environmental toxins was published by Rachel Carson. Carson's book was in response to the widespread collapse of bird populations due to the application of insecticides such as DDT. In the 2000sVermont Yankee became  well known for hosting Peregrine falcon nests on a platform installed on their stack. These birds once in jeopardy of extinction due to DDT, have maintained a strong population in VT since 1991. The passage of The Endangered Species Act (1973) is credited with saving these birds and others such as the Bald Eagle. 

In 1970 the Clean Air Act became law.

In 1972 the Clean Water Act (as its known now)of 1948 was amended. The act was originally passed to clean up polluted water caused by the post WW2 industrial expansion. Oil and chemical slicks on rivers were catching fire and our rivers were near death's door utilized more for waste discharge than for recreation.  Today, Wayne who grew up in Bellows Falls, still refuses to swim in the CT River even though it tests safe for swimming below the Vernon Dam.  

In 1972, Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Station came online and with it Vernon grew in population and Grand List. In 1970 our population was 1024, in 1980 it was 1175 and in 2020 we were at 2192 residents.

In 1973 the Arab Oil Embargo began and "the long summer of prosperity" ended.  I was a proud member of our neighborhood's bicycle gang and dad was home since 72  from his second tour in Vietnam. .

In 1977 Jimmy Carter, a farmer from Georgia, was elected President and let me tell you, my dad for the life of him refused to wrap his head around Jimmy's humanitarian and environmentally conscientious leadership.

Three stones stand upright in the town forest reminding me of the three principals of Conservation Biology.  

Now to my mind, these were funny times and I get muddled about the year but not the events.  Dad had sold the van and had since been driving a maroon with white top 8 cylinder Chevy Camaro and Mom drove, a nine passenger Chevy Suburban. But with the embargo and climbing fuel prices, our family like many large families, found ourselves on a steep learning curve.  Reducing consumption was not only for economic purposes; but it was the patriotic thing to do. And so it was that dad's Camaro fell victim to modern day pressures.  My parents replaced that muscle machine with a sewing machine (Mazda GLC) in which I learned to drive. 

In 1978, Dad at age 40, quit smoking cold turkey on the Nations first Smoke-out day ending his habit of 24 years. Dad lived into his 80s. His cause of death is listed as complications from Agent Orange exposure.

In 1979 President Carter had solar panels installed on the roof of the White House.  Dad was livid; but I thought it was pretty cool. 

The summer of 1980, I landed my first real job with the United States Youth Conservation Corps in Grand Mesa Colorado. 

I promised you a trash can dumping perhaps short of the match. and that is what you have been given. It may seem like I have packed the can full; but keep in mind that I never included the Acid Rain years nor explained that even with international laws in place to reduce acid rain, Vermont suing midwestern coal companies, ensuing laws to scrub emissions that resulted in significant reductions, Vernon still lies smack in the path of  the airstream that delivers acid rain to our ponds, streams and maple trees. I hadn't thought about acid rain in years; but during the planning process for the five year Deerfield River clean water plan, it was brought up in connection to Lily pond and how, due in part to acid rain, that pond will likely remain acidic. 

Through all of this; we as a country have been innovative in our ways to return to the ideas of great conservation visionaries like Theodor Roosevelt, George Perkins Marsh, Fredrick Billings, John Muir and Laurence Rockefeller. Through times of adversity and economic prosperity, haven't we learned from our common experiences? Haven't we moved forward, by protecting more lands, developing cleaner ways generate energy, smarter cars and appliances, efficient buildings, safer chemicals and practices? Or could this be nothing more than my childhood optimism creeping back in, as clearly we have much work ahead of us. After all, didn't I come up with the title for this submission when I was asked, "What have you been smoking" in reply to  my concerns for losing our hard fought for environmental protections. I must ask my readers, even if you don't believe that climate change is caused by man, don't you want green mountains, clean safe air to breath and drinkable water?

 - Norma Manning

Further reading:

Our Nation's Air Trends through 2021 : This EPA report speaks to the lives saved and extended since the Clean Air Act went into effect. It reads in part, "Since 1970 , implementation of the Clean Air Act and Technological advances from American innovators have dramatically improved air quality in the U.S. Since that time, the combined emissions of criteria and precursor pollutants have dropped by 78%" Also noted that we achieved cleaner air while sustaining  economic growth.

Southern Vermont CEDS : A comprehensive Economic Development Strategy for Bennington and Windham Regions.

Do Not Eat Wildlife Consumption Advisory Maine Department of Fisheries and Wildlife: possible PFA contamination in Deer and Turkey, NH and Vermont has since issued warnings as well, though no contamination has been detected in VT to date. . 

A new Symbol of Vernon the Florida Alligator

The Hermit Thrush has been an official symbol of Vermont since 1941 when naturalists prevailed over legislators who were divided between the crow and blue jay. Naturalists versus politicians, now there is an argument that we can all relate to during election season. While I like the intelligent glossy black crow and alarmist blue jay, the hermit thrush with its strong defense of "home" seems to have been a fine choice for these Green Mountains. Stable in population, these seasonal birds adapt well to a variety of forested lands and woodland edges, nesting low to the ground near sources of water. All of this seems promising for a novice like myself to cross paths with Hermit Thrush; and yet this is the first one that I have seen up close in my many in years of hiking the woods and swamps of Vernon.

Imagine my pause as I stepped onto our deck and spied the brown bird lying beneath our window. Perhaps a Walmart sparrow (European House sparrow) should have fist come to mind; but I wondered if I was looking at brown oak leaves blown over from Jim's collection. I suppose it must have been denial at first glance. What after all, are the chances that such a bird would still be hanging around in Vernon on Halloween day, even if it is just shy of eighty degrees out? 

I can't be sure of why this little bird died; and while I do have my suspicions, I think its important to note that: in addition to natural causes like predation and disease,  building collisions kill more than a billion birds in the U.S. each year.-American Bird Conservancy and outdoor cats kill around 2.4 billion birds- Cats indoors. Habitat loss, climate change, human wildlife conflict and environmental toxins are also contributors to bird mortality. 

Survival by Degrees is an interactive publication by the Audubon Society where readers can explore how climate change will affect the vulnerability of  birds by state as well as Mexico and Canada. This article lists Vermont as having 42 highly vulnerable species, 52 moderately vulnerable, 29 with low vulnerability and 45 stable species. Select your favorite bird and the site takes you to specific information on it. While I should feel a certain measure of comfort that the scrappy adaptive Hermit thrush rates in the least concern category, it doesn't escape my attention that he was on the verge of overstaying his seasonal residency while Vernon achieved record temperatures for October.  

 

A neighbor stopped to chat with me on my walk this afternoon and while we caught up, Esther kept nosing at her hand which held another adaptive species and our state flower, the VT red clover. Peak blooming in VT is in May and June with late September being on the outer edge of its blooming season.

Lorien's find got me to thinking about the purple lilac that Wayne's grandmother divided from her own heritage bush in 1991. We planted it at our first home in Hinsdale and then brought a piece of it to Vernon when we moved here. This spring it bloomed beautifully before losing all of its leaves by August. In late September its leaves started to bud out again. In October, we have had frosts, our first snow flurries, temperatures in the upper 70s and a blooming lilac. 

The trees are mostly bare, with the exception of a sugar maple out back. Red fruit adorns our viburnums, hollies and crabapple; but our hollies are also sporadically blooming along with blackberries, rudbeckia and sedum This just seems odd, but its not the first time in recent years that the seasons seem a bit catawampus.

Unlike more generalist species such as the hermit thrush and red clover, our state tree the sugar maple is a specialist . With Vernon being the south eastern most town in Vermont and "Vermont being among the fastest warming states" and with syrup production being frost driven, Vernon's maple syrup revenue is in jeopardy. Audubon Vermont has published a comprehensive easy to understand explanation of the impact of Climate Change on maples and the maple syrup industry The End Of Maple? 

November 1st with temperatures in the 70s

Today as Wayne and I were traveling through Westminster, we decided to visit the wetlands behind Allen Brothers. Typically when we stop at Allen Brothers, it is to browse their nursery stock searching for bargains on native plants; but the flowers, shrubs and trees are long since depleted in September. 

 Here in the pond on the very outside of their traditional start of brumation, we found another Vermont symbol, the Painted turtle. If turtles basking on logs in November isn't weird enough, a large frog hopped across the dirt road traveling between ponds while a dragonfly rested on my arm. 

In 2019, Iowa State University published research by Biologist Nicole Valenzuela. The article, Climate change could devastate painted Turtles,  notes that,  "Painted turtles undergo temperature -dependent sex determination while developing inside the egg. Eggs exposed to warmer temperatures tend to produce females, while cooler temperatures tend to produce males.

The publication further explains that with wider temperature swings, turtles and other amphibians may experience population collapse due to unbalanced female to male ratios.

November 2nd, with high temperatures in the 50 and lows in the 20s

In addition to my regular Vernon Conservation Commission meetings, I have been attending a lot of other meetings: CT River Conservancy meetings on dam relicensing, Vernon Hazard Mitigation planning, Vermont Environmental law implementation planning for Act 59, Basin 12 / Deerfield Watershed clean water planning, and most recently Reconnecting the Green Mountains: A multi-pronged approach for enabling wildlife movement hosted by VT Conservation Planner Jens Hilke and Biologist for the Vermont Agency of Transportation Jessie Johnson.

With each meeting I attended, the notion kept coming back to me that each of these projects are seemingly operating in isolation  and yet they were assuredly interconnected, the same in a sense as gazing at a brown object on my deck, my brain trying to make sense of it, the mystery of what I am looking at, what brings it to my backyard, how it fits into what I experience and know and then contemplating how it is I was going to interact with it. Is it any wonder I don't seep soundly at night?

I'm not super human or anything, just an overly curious well meaning volunteer who drifts off at meetings like the rest of you. My notes from Hilke and Johnson's meeting reads something like this: connected, connectivity, Bio Finder, movement west to east & south to north, connectivity scale, wildlife movement, climate change, NE pinch point, barrier effect, gene flow restriction, NRI, expand to connect, land use planning, transportation component...

As you can see, I take very detailed self explanatory notes; but my big takeaway is the moving map of points of light showing wildlife migration as they sweep across North America in a wide swath from west and south. These points of light and bands are growing more narrow and become more concentrated as they squeeze through NE. Vermont funnels migratory animals up into Canada where they are greeted with predominantly agricultural treeless lands. 

A fisherman fishes for alligator at Lily pond in Vernon on a warm day in November.

And here my friends is the other shoe you have been so patiently waiting to hear drop.  Climate change with it's rising temperatures is causing wildlife's traditional ranges to expand northerly at a rate of one mile per year. This means that long time Vernon Vermonters who traditionally scorn everything Massachusetts, are already living in a Massachusetts climate. Invasive species that out compete and damage our native wildlife are surviving our warmer winters and our  native wildlife vulnerable to climate change must move northerly if they are going to survive. In their way are, fragmented wetlands, fragmented forestlands, man's infrastructure, ever decreasing recourses and dwindling genetic diversity.  

I think my mother summed it up best when she asked me, "How are alligators going to get to Vermont?" -Norma Manning 

Recovery, Esther and Rambling Onward

 First I should acknowledge that I owe my readers an apology for my absence from this forum. I have been recovering from an injury for some time which has kept me out of the very woods of which I am so terribly fond.  Not many weeks ago I came to the conclusion that my self prescribed cane, while keeping me upright, wasn't assisting me whatsoever in my recovery. So if you by chance find me clinging to an oak on the trail or perhaps in the prone position along one of our lovely roadways, do stop and inquire as to what I am up to. 

As those of you within shouting (or baying) distance of our home have certainly become aware, the neighborhood and indeed beyond has fallen into more peaceful times. Wayne and I lost our Coonhound hiking companion Luna who has been laid to rest among my favorite flowers. I still at times tell Luna to get out of my daylilies in the same aggravated voice, though I know that in them she must remain.  Luna along with her much smaller friend Ginny were together by our side for many a wild adventure throughout the hills of Vernon and are featured in many of our past Nature Finds posts. Happy trails my sweet girl.

"I'm going out to clean the pasture spring:

I'll only stop to rake the leaves away

(And wait to watch the water clear, I may);

I sha' n't be gone long.- You come too."

Robert Frost; The Pasture

Because there are many more adventures ahead, I would like to introduce to my readers our newest hiking partner in training - Esther.

Esther is our southern bell from Georgia who came to us by way of Next Stop Forever Inc. Wayne and I together have loved five pups before adopting Esther (Luna came from MHS).  Over our dog loving years, Wayne and I have come to the conclusion that mutts and previously owned dogs are as easily loved as purebreds. Esther is nearly a year old and is a mix of: Poodle, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, Pit Bull, Rottweiler, Staffordshire Terrier, Samoyed and Chihuahua. We know this because Wayne insisted that she was schnauzer while I insisted on poodle and I rarely back down from a bet.    

Georgia being included with the list of states impacted by the disaster Hurricane Helene and being Esther's former home state,  I request that you keep the people, wildlife and pets of those states now in recovery among your intentions. I have lived in Georgia, Florida and South Carolina, they are beautiful places with good humans. -Norma Manning 

2024 The Year of Blackberries

 In 2023 I discovered quite unexpectedly, that I had morphed into a childhood memory that every adult seems to have of a neighborhood curmudgeon. One minute I was seeding and tending to wild flowers for the neighborhood's inhabitants to enjoy and the next, I was admonishing a family for gathering them in. I never wanted to be that person, my Mrs... what was her name again? The one who would spray us with her garden hose while warning our parents "would be awfully upset that we had gotten so very wet." Ahh but didn't we tease her just a bit with a game of we dare you to? 

As I grow older, these memories of my five year old self, tug at my sleeve like wild blackberries growing along the edges of farm fields. Isn't it odd I wonder, now just shy of my 60th birthday, how we forget the importance of choosing blackberries over roses? 

I hadn't always thought about blackberries with their snags and long scratches. It was Wayne upon moving to our first home in Hinsdale, who decided that we should allow for a patch of his childhood memories with his grandmother to remain in a what had seemingly been an acre of hopeless bramble. I grew to love that patch with its fragrant white flowers, even as it reached out to snatch at my hair when I drove the lawnmower past. I hadn't known it yet, but allowing for and providing for something to remain is the taproot of  conservation. 

Yes, where were we now? Curmudgeon, that's right. It was after I was not so neighborly and Wayne had given me a fair amount of space, that Wayne reminded me of a time when we were dating that he had stopped by the side of the road between BF and Westminster to pick me a bouquet of wildflowers. Why hadn't the farmer been aggravated by my picking his blackberries?  Hadn't the farmer made a plan for them? Why did our neighbor spray us for walking on her lawn? The very next time I ran into those children, we all apologized and I confessed my embarrassment at my behavior.

I rediscovered this Autumn that pollinators aren't the only ones that benefit from the wild blackberry patch that we maintain on our acre here in Vernon. I always tell Wayne to eat the berries along the edges but leave the ones in the middle for the birds. Wayne's favorite flavor is blackberry ice-cream so this is no small ask. I guess what I am saying here is this, we maintain our blackberry patch with intention. None the less, I was surprised one evening when I walked right up on an unconcerned porcupine slowly pulling down canes in order to munch on blackberry leaves. Later while reviewing my game camera images, I found a pair of deer dining on blackberry leaves. I even felt a sense of blessing to find a picture of a deer bedding down next to that very patch. 

I was super excited to share this find with Seth who spends a great deal of time scouting for wildlife here in Vernon. Seth's response, "I'm not surprised." That's okay Seth, your day will come.

I wish for Vernon in the new year and into all the years to come, a year of blackberries...No not quite, my resolution goes something like this: Only a few short weeks after my curmudgeon mistake, another group of almost teenage girls came by and greeted me as I was pruning back the very same wildflowers. I offered to let them cut their own bouquets from anywhere in my yard and handed over my pruners. When one of the girls came to return the pruners, they expressed to me a thank you and let me know that they were going to "place them on my grandmother's"...that's when her words failed her. I offered her the words she was was trying to find, "final resting place." She nodded and thanked me again. And so my dear Vernon, my resolution is to help replenish this town in such a way that it is filled with wild blackberries. -Norma Manning 

Nightshade Bittersweet: Protection From The Evil Eye!

With Friday the 13th barely behind us and Halloween costumes the most important talking point if you are a five year old goblin at VES; I figured that the topic of Solanum would offer an appropriate element of yikes to the season. 

During the first week of October, I noticed a vine jutting from the top of my seven foot American holly bush. Anyone who lives in Vernon understands the constant battle of controlling the destructive and invasive Oriental bittersweet vine, so I did what any quick witted gardener would do in the pouring rain, I hunted down my hand pruners and set to work.

Once I had pruners in hand, I got down on my knees, weaving myself as best I could through the stiff  holly branches in order to clip the vine near the ground. That was when I noticed the vine was not Oriental bittersweet at all. This vine was something I hadn't seen in my yard before. My sense of wonder was doused by a heavy dose of rain however, and so I tossed it onto the lawn and walked away. 

The invader sat there decaying for some time before Kirk and Helen paid us a visit and identified it as: nightshade bittersweet, climbing nightshade, devil's berries, naughty man's cherries, death cherries, beautiful death, devil's herb...Now I'm no dummy and I figured out pretty quickly, that a vine with so many names must have made a big impression on a lot of folks over the years. So that very next week, I decided that I most likely should clean up the vine along with its red berries. Well suffice to say, no non-native vine arrives on the landscape as a solitary uninvited guest.

Leaves are alternate and deeply lobed at their base.

 I later learned that gloves should be worn when touching any part of the plant. 

I should note here that Oriental bittersweet and nightshade bittersweet aren't the only bad actors in this family, there is a whole big extended 2,500 member strong family of Solanum out there. For example the extremely poisonous, deadly nightshade (belladonna) produces black berries and contains solanine and an atropine like chemical in addition to duclamarine. 

You can well imagine that I am feeling pretty fortunate that it is the less toxic relative  Solanum dulcamara taking up residence here in the village. Even so, this article notes that bittersweet nightshade has caused a loss of livestock, poisoning of pets and, will cause sickness and rarely death in children who have eaten its bitter bright red berries. 

The vine is hollow in the center.

I am certain as I tap out this blog on my keyboard, that there are people in our very own town who tout the redeeming qualities of naughty man's cherries; and I am not going to, as some would expect, argue with their position. Kirk after all, noted that while he disliked the vine's smell, he rather enjoyed the look of its purple flowers. I also found this article  which claims, "Nightshade was considered potent protection against witchcraft during the middle ages, and a sprig tied to the neck of a cow was sure to ward off the evil eye." 

Admittedly, I often eat from this plant family in the forms of tomato, pepper and potato.

The new growth leaves at the top of the nightshade bittersweet resemble a pepper plant.

Apart from an easily broken vine, a pungent odor when broken and having two different shapes of leaves on a vine, nightshade bittersweet's roots are light tan while Oriental bittersweet's roots are red. Both varieties have roots that fragment when pulled. Truly a tale of horror, each root fragment will result in a new vine and if a piece of vine is left on the ground it will take root.

I don't pretend to understand why a vine that predominantly grows in swamps, on stream banks, along shorelines, in fragments of forests and in waste areas, is thriving at my house. I just want all of Vernon to know that in these troubling times, in this spookiest of seasons, I have botanical protection against witches, warlocks, and the evil eye; and I'm speculating that it works on vampires too! So any trick or treater better come prepared lest I drop a green tomato in their sack when they come nocking at my door.

 Trick or Treat! -Norma Manning 

Further Reading:

Best Management Practices Bittersweet Nightshade

The Supernatural Side of Plants

Solanum dulcamara - climbing nightshade  

Who In Hell Would? But That's Just My Opinion

 The following is an opinion piece, my opinion, and it is of no reflection on any of my official and non official affiliations in town.

Picture this, there I was sitting on the grass with Wayne in the park on a beautiful sunny evening enjoying a delicious cheeseburger, cup of lemonade and a couple of friends who stopped by to chat. They wanted to know what was happening on West Road. I was mid sentence in being extremely careful to remain very neutral on the subject when another person dropped in and angrily interrupted with, "You just don't want it in your backyard" and "You need to know the facts!" I never did get another word in as the lecture ensued; but that exchange triggered something in me; and upon much internal debate I have decided to offer my opinion separate of  my formal collaborative opinions.

It does not escape my attention that West Road and the roads that branch off from West Road with the exception of a few landowners, is an area deprived of economic vitality. And I wonder how it is that these sorts of undesirable projects continue to be proposed for areas where residents are least able to defend their interests. 

In a state where a high priority is placed on housing people in rural areas with marginal resources, certain statutes such as the relatively new VT state Development Soils (19V.S.A.  6604c) all but guarantee in municipalities without local control to defend them, a disproportionate impact on lands resided on by marginal income rural owners and their tenants. 

 We moved to Vernon during its Vermont Yankee days of prosperity. Perhaps such weighted grand list industries also served to stave off the municipalities' demand for additional economic resources; on the other hand, perhaps it is our deep rooted heritage in agriculture and in the understanding of a need to conserve our heritage that made land stewardship a priority and an integral part of who we are. In either case, Vernon is blessed with open and low density developed lands.

There is another story to be told here and that is one of natural resources and the partnership of give and take from the land. Forestry and mining for example have seemingly peacefully coexisted in Vernon for generations. I say seemingly, because these natural resource industries must be implemented with careful balance and an eye towards reclamation if Vernon is to sustain a working and livable landscape. This is where the VT Agency of Natural Resources and Vermont's environmental law Act 250 come into play; and who Vernon has abdicated much of its future and certainly the future of the residents of West Road to. 

Vernon does not have local zoning. Vernon operates instead with a 2018 town plan generated by our Planning Commission and approved by the town. A town plan is what lays the groundwork for zoning  should the town choose to establish zoning. The town's plan in of itself, to my knowledge, has little if any legal bearing.

There is a general sentiment in Vernon that people who own property should be able to do what they want with their land and a fear that zoning will strip that right away from them. My contention is this, that unless the land is conserved by other entities, this approach to development places all of the power of land use decisions and therefore the town's future, into the hands of the state and large property owners. 

Our 2018 town plan identifies the future use of the proposed solid waste / development soils site on West Road as rural residential; not as commercial / industrial nor as a town resource; but without local zoning, the rights of one landowner outweighs the needs and interests of the rest of the landowners in that area. This is in spite of the fact that our town views this area as rural residential and not as a permanent storage site for soils contaminated with above background levels of lead, arsenic and carbons. To the tune of 5000 tons of soil a year for ten years (permit parameters), nothing that disturbs that soil will ever be permitted on that land again. 

The state expert at the public meeting reminded me that, "It's a gravel pit." when I questioned if there would be low impact or zero impact on migratory and residential wildlife if the permit was granted. 

Is it a gravel pit, or is it someone's backyard, their water source, their land value, their health and mental wellbeing? Is it a gravel pit or is it a place adjacent to farm crops and where children are raised nearby. Is it a gravel pit or a place where wildlife once thrived and passed through?  Is it land that will be reclaimed or land that will store the waste of a society that refuses to recognize that we are at a tipping point and running out of  places to put our waste. 

 I ask you this, what is the cost benefit? We can't even without zoning in place, set forth  an impact fee structure designed to reserve money to address future unknowns, accidents or post permit management.  Is the only solution we have for development soils to disperse them to lesser contaminated sites not adequately regulated by local ordinances and to areas resided in by people with marginal resources to protect themselves? The state refutes all liability for negative impacts from permits issued. With what will the town and its residents bring legal action should the unforeseen happen?

Furthermore; would a first in the state permit like the one being proposed by LaRock to the Agency of Natural Resources for West Road stand a chance of passing next to Fox Hill, Central Park, Hemlock Road, Laurel Ledges, The Village or even a large block of land formerly farmed? 

It is my hope that that the decision on this permit and others to come, takes into account our town plan and the compounded, disproportionate...INDEED disproportionate impact that these sorts of projects have on those who can least afford to defend their interests. 

Not in my backyard? I'm sure that given the choice, nobody chooses to live next to industrial waste. Who in the hell would? While I know that we must carefully weigh issues for their pros and cons and then pick our battles, I want to let the people of Vernon know this; don't rest your head at night believing that these things won't be coming to a neighborhood near you. Vernon has work to do before we sleep soundly, we must restore balance by passing zoning.

 -Norma Manning

Further reading:

Vegetating Vermont Sand and Gravel Pits

Future Land Use Map Town of Vernon VT 

A Day of Fish and (for no better explanation) Song

 They scrambled across logs, rocks and cement with rod and tackle in hand. Others lined the shore with tailgates down, casting and chatting while we gathered up above. There was coffee, pastries and familiar faces but for all of this, I wished that I had a line in the water with Wayne by my side. 

Have you ever heard a song about the river?  Where do the songs come from? What I mean is, where do they really come from? Where is that place and how do we get there?

 And so on this Saturday, June the 10th, we came not to play on its shores, we came instead, in search of why we had come. 

There were important people there but important on the surface for different reasons. Our Planning Commission was there. A person who documents the river was there, the newspaper reporter was there, I was identified by another as being on the Conservation Commission. But none there were more so important than the families that had come in search of.

 A speakers statement caught my attention with something about adversaries coming together. Maybe adversaries isn't quite right I contemplated. Maybe instead we are the people who view the river as an opportunity and we are people who see the river as a living thing. 

This 1/2 mile across, 135 foot high cement wall, in and above the river has been generating electricity with its turbines and controlling the CT River since 1909. It has been an economic benefit for Vernon. It is a testament to what engineers were and are capable of. In the modern age, this recently renovated, 114 year old dam has risen to the status of renewable, sustainable, green energy. Even so, there is another view of it.

In May of 1981 the very first fish ladder on the Connecticut river was installed at the Vernon dam. It was specifically designed to restore passage for American Shad and Atlantic Salmon to their spawning grounds above the dam.

 American Shad and Atlantic Salmon are anadromous  fish. Anadromous fish are born in freshwater, spend their adult life in saltwater, and only return to freshwater in order to spawn. But they aren't the only fish in the CT river, some fish live their entire lives in the river and its tributaries while others like the American eel are catadromous fish migrating from freshwater to the ocean for spawning. 

"In 1993, due to diminishing returns, the US Fish and Wildlife Services withdrew the Connecticut River Atlantic Salmon management program (CRASC)."  Three of my four now adult children, participated along with many other Vernon Elementary School students, in hatching and releasing Atlantic Salmon into our local CT river tributaries. 

May 21, 2023 in Millers Falls, MA (down river).

In 2022, four Atlantic Salmon in total were counted in the CT River Basin Fishway Passage Counts.

Shad make their way through the canals and the Turners Falls fishway on their way up river  to the Vernon  fish ladder.

Looking for wildlife at the Turners Falls fishway. A series of canals diverting the natural path of the river away from their riverbeds creates a significant challenge for migrating fish. 

Great River Hydro, owners of the Vernon hydroelectric plant, operates 13 generating stations and three storage only reservoirs along the Connecticut and Deerfield rivers in New Hampshire, Vermont and Massachusetts.

"Five hydropower facilities along the Connecticut river are up for relicensing. These licenses will impact hundreds of miles of the Connecticut river for thirty to fifty years." It is the Connecticut River Conservancy's   mission to protect and restore the river and the wildlife communities that depend upon it. The public also has the chance to weigh in.

It is the pressure of relicensing the Vernon Hydro Station and the mission to educate the public of the river's value and its challenges that has brought  GRH and CRC to the Vernon dam. 

The fish have come here by way of a primitive drive that ensures  genetic diversity and the very survival of their kind.

The sign in the counting room at the Vernon dam seems to still hold out hope for a Salmon run. The CRC is negotiating a path to restore the river to a place that will allow the fish once again to be here in numbers as they once were. 

My grandfather Maurice Normandeau, a Canadian immigrant, worked as a troubleshooter on the dams up north for GMP. Wayne worked at Vermont Yankee for 27 years and is now with NorthStar. I write a blog about finding nature in Vernon and am one of the founding members of the Vernon Conservation Commission. 

But what I understand in my heart of hearts and as an educator, is that the true importance of all of this lies in the knowing of from where the songs of the river come.  We aren't ever going to discover that until we acknowledge that we cannot fundamentally remain adversaries with each other or with the natural environment. 

I first heard this song about the river when Joyana Damon, the music teacher at Vernon Elementary School taught it to her students. This is the song by Bill Stains that played in my head while writing this piece. I hope that you will listen to River (Take Me Along). - Norma Manning

Resources:

Hydro Hall of Fame: Upgrading Vernon for Another Century

Fish Migration; Wikipedia

Connecticut River Migratory Fish Counts

Further Reading:

A Tale of Shad

A History of the Connecticut River and its Fisheries  (June 24, 1965), Page 4 status of shad. Page 7 Atlantic salmon. 

Wonder what you can do? CRC